説明
Use the present perfect for life experience or for a time that is still open now. Use the past simple for a finished time in the past.
Look at "I have lived in Tokyo for three years." Here "have lived" shows a situation that started before now and is still true now. "For three years" tells us the length of time, and that time is still continuing. By contrast, "We went to Kyoto last weekend." uses the past simple because "last weekend" is finished. Japanese often uses the same past form for both ideas, so English learners must look at the time word and the meaning of the time.
現在完了は、人生経験や、今も続いている時間について言うときに使います。過去形は、すでに終わった過去のことに使います。
たとえば "I have lived in Tokyo for three years." では、"have lived" が「前から住んでいて、今も住んでいる」ことを表します。"for three years" は期間を示し、その時間が今も続いていることを意味します。これに対して "We went to Kyoto last weekend." は、"last weekend" がもう終わった時間なので過去形です。日本語では同じように過去の形で表しやすいので、英語では時間の言葉と意味を見て選ぶことが大切です。
例文
- I have already eaten lunch. 私はもう昼ごはんを食べました。
- She has lived in Tokyo for three years. 彼女は東京に3年住んでいます。
- Have you ever tried sushi? お寿司を食べたことがありますか。
- We went to Kyoto last weekend. 私たちは先週末、京都へ行きました。
- I didn't see her yesterday. 私は昨日、彼女に会いませんでした。
- I haven't seen her today. 私は今日、まだ彼女に会っていません。
よくある間違い
Japanese learners often use the present perfect with a finished time word, such as "I have visited Kyoto last year." This is wrong because "last year" is finished. Use the past simple instead: "I visited Kyoto last year." Another common mistake is using the past simple for an open time, such as "I didn't see him today" when the day is not over yet. In that case, say "I haven't seen him today."
日本人学習者は、"I have visited Kyoto last year." のように、終わった時間の言葉と現在完了を一緒に使いがちです。"last year" はすでに終わっているので、正しくは過去形の "I visited Kyoto last year." です。逆に、まだ終わっていない時間に過去形を使ってしまうことも多いです。たとえば今日はまだ終わっていないので、"I didn't see him today" ではなく "I haven't seen him today" のほうが自然です。