Defining Relative Clauses

B1 Eiken 2 Intermediate

noun + who/which/that + clause

Explanation

A defining relative clause gives essential information or identifies which person/thing you mean. It tells the listener which person or thing you mean.

For example, "I have a friend who lives in Osaka." Here, "a friend" is the noun. "who lives in Osaka" tells us which friend. In Japanese, this kind of information usually comes before the noun, like "大阪に住んでいる友だち". In English, the noun comes first, then the clause.

Examples

  • I have a friend who lives in Osaka. 大阪に住んでいる友だちがいます。
  • This is the book that I bought yesterday. これは昨日買った本です。
  • Do you know the woman who called me? 私に電話した女性を知っていますか。
  • We need a hotel that is near the station. 駅の近くにあるホテルが必要です。
  • The bag which I lost was black. なくしたバッグは黒でした。
  • I don't like movies that are too long. 長すぎる映画は好きではありません。

Common Mistakes

Japanese learners often put the relative clause before the noun, because Japanese does this.

Wrong: "I have a friend lives in Osaka."

Right: "I have a friend who lives in Osaka."

They also sometimes use a comma, but defining relative clauses do not use commas.